%Start Wireless Standards Explained: 802.11ax, 802.11ac, 802.11b/g/n GA
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The 802.11 family explained, from 802 11a through 802.11az
By Bradley Mitchell Bradley Mitchell Writer Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Illinois An MIT graduate who brings years of technical experience to articles on SEO, computers, and wireless networking. lifewire's editorial guidelines Updated on November 16, 2021 Reviewed by Chris Selph Reviewed by
Chris Selph Chris Selph is a CompTIA-certified technology and vocational IT teacher.
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Expand Jump to a Section What is 802 11 802 11ax Wi-Fi 6 802 11aj 802 11ah 802 11ad 802 11ac Wi-Fi 5 802 11n 802 11g 802 11a 802 11b Extra: What About Bluetooth and the Rest Home and business owners looking to buy networking gear face an array of choices. Many products conform to the 802.11a, 802.11b/g/n, and/or 802.11ac wireless standards collectively known as Wi-Fi technologies.
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Other wireless technologies such as Bluetooth also exist, fulfilling specific networking functions. ...
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Other wireless technologies such as Bluetooth also exist, fulfilling specific networking functions. For quick reference, 801.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) is the most recently approved standard.
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The protocol was approved in 2019. Just because a standard is approved, however, does not mean it is...
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The protocol was approved in 2019. Just because a standard is approved, however, does not mean it is available to you or that it is the standard you need for your particular situation. Standards are always being updated, much like the way software is updated on a smartphone or on your computer.
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Jack Thompson 3 minutes ago
What is 802 11
In 1997, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers created th...
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Joseph Kim 13 minutes ago
Unfortunately, 802.11 only supported a maximum network bandwidth of 2 Mbps—too slow for most appli...
In 1997, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers created the first WLAN standard. They called it 802.11 after the name of the group formed to oversee its development.
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David Cohen 1 minutes ago
Unfortunately, 802.11 only supported a maximum network bandwidth of 2 Mbps—too slow for most appli...
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Mason Rodriguez 1 minutes ago
However, an entire family has sprung up from this initial standard. The best way to look at these st...
Unfortunately, 802.11 only supported a maximum network bandwidth of 2 Mbps—too slow for most applications. For this reason, ordinary 802.11 wireless products are no longer manufactured.
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Daniel Kumar 2 minutes ago
However, an entire family has sprung up from this initial standard. The best way to look at these st...
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Natalie Lopez 4 minutes ago
Some building blocks are minor touch-ups while others are quite large. The largest changes to wirele...
However, an entire family has sprung up from this initial standard. The best way to look at these standards is to consider 802.11 as the foundation, and all other iterations as building blocks upon that foundation that focus on improving both small and large aspects of the technology.
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Thomas Anderson 17 minutes ago
Some building blocks are minor touch-ups while others are quite large. The largest changes to wirele...
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Since then, however, minor updates are still occurring and, eventually, another large roll-up will e...
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Emma Wilson Admin
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Some building blocks are minor touch-ups while others are quite large. The largest changes to wireless standards come when the standards are "rolled up" to include most or all small updates. So, for example, the most recent rollup occurred in December 2016 with 802.11-2016.
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Since then, however, minor updates are still occurring and, eventually, another large roll-up will e...
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802 11ax Wi-Fi 6
Branded as Wi-Fi 6, the 802.11ax standard went live in 2019...
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Since then, however, minor updates are still occurring and, eventually, another large roll-up will encompass them. Below is a brief look at the most recently approved iterations, outlined from newest to oldest. Other iterations, like 802.11be (Wi-Fi 7), are still in the approval process.
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802 11ax Wi-Fi 6
Branded as Wi-Fi 6, the 802.11ax standard went live in 2019...
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Ryan Garcia 17 minutes ago
802 11aj
Known as the China Millimeter Wave, this standard applies in China and is basica...
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802 11ax Wi-Fi 6
Branded as Wi-Fi 6, the 802.11ax standard went live in 2019 and will replace 802.11ac as the de facto wireless standard. Wi-Fi 6 maxes out at 10 Gbps, uses less power, is more reliable in congested environments, and supports better security.
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802 11aj
Known as the China Millimeter Wave, this standard applies in China and is basically a rebranding of 802 11ad for use in certain areas of the world. The goal is to maintain backward compatibility with 802.11ad.
802 11ah
Approved in May 2017, this standard targets lower energy consumption and creates extended-range Wi-Fi networks that can go beyond the reach of a typical 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz networks.
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Luna Park 12 minutes ago
It is expected to compete with Bluetooth given its lower power needs.
802 11ad
Approved i...
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Alexander Wang 28 minutes ago
Keep in mind when distances are mentioned that ranges can be greatly impacted by obstacles that bloc...
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It is expected to compete with Bluetooth given its lower power needs.
802 11ad
Approved in December 2012, this standard is freakishly fast. However, the client device must be located within 30 feet of the access point.
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Keep in mind when distances are mentioned that ranges can be greatly impacted by obstacles that bloc...
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Hannah Kim Member
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Keep in mind when distances are mentioned that ranges can be greatly impacted by obstacles that block the signal, so the range mentioned refers to situations where there is absolutely no interference.
802 11ac Wi-Fi 5
The generation of Wi-Fi that first signaled popular use, 802.11ac uses dual-band wireless technology, supporting simultaneous connections on both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Wi-Fi devices.
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802.11ac offers backward compatibility to 802.11a/b/g/n and bandwidth rated up to 1300 Mbps on the 5 GHz band plus up to 450 Mbps on 2.4 GHz. Most home wireless routers are compliant with this standard.
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Jack Thompson 7 minutes ago
802.11ac is the most expensive to implement; performance improvements only noticeable in high-bandwi...
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802.11ac is the most expensive to implement; performance improvements only noticeable in high-bandwidth applications 802.11ac is also referred to as Wi-Fi 5.
802 11n
802 11n (also sometimes known as Wireless N) was designed to improve on 802 11g in the amount of bandwidth it supports, by using several wireless signals and antennas (called MIMO technology) instead of one.
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Sophia Chen 44 minutes ago
Industry standards groups ratified 802 11n in 2009 with specifications providing for up to 600 Mbps ...
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Lily Watson 9 minutes ago
802 11g
In 2002 and 2003, WLAN products supporting a newer standard called 802 11g emerge...
Industry standards groups ratified 802 11n in 2009 with specifications providing for up to 600 Mbps of network bandwidth. 802 11n also offers a somewhat better range over earlier Wi-Fi standards due to its increased signal intensity, and it is backward-compatible with 802.11a/b/g gear. Pros of 802.11n: Significant bandwidth improvement from previous standards; wide support across devices and network gearCons of 802.11n: More expensive to implement than 802.11g; use of multiple signals may interfere with nearby 802.11b/g based networks 802 11n is also referred to as Wi-Fi 4.
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802 11g
In 2002 and 2003, WLAN products supporting a newer standard called 802 11g emerge...
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802 11g
In 2002 and 2003, WLAN products supporting a newer standard called 802 11g emerged on the market. 802 11g attempts to combine the best of both 802 11a and 802.11b.
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Christopher Lee 28 minutes ago
802 11g supports bandwidth up to 54 Mbps, and it uses the 2.4 GHz frequency for greater range. 802 1...
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802 11g supports bandwidth up to 54 Mbps, and it uses the 2.4 GHz frequency for greater range. 802 11g is backward compatible with 802.11b, meaning that 802 11g access points will work with 802 11b wireless network adapters and vice versa.
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William Brown 19 minutes ago
Pros of 802.11g: Supported by essentially all wireless devices and network equipment in use today; l...
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Joseph Kim 16 minutes ago
In fact, 802 11a was created at the same time. Due to its higher cost, 802 11a is usually found on b...
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Pros of 802.11g: Supported by essentially all wireless devices and network equipment in use today; least expensive optionCons of 802.11g: Entire network slows to match any 802 11b devices on the network; slowest/oldest standard still in use 802 11g is also referred to as Wi-Fi 3.
802 11a
While 802 11b was in development, IEEE created a second extension to the original 802.11 standard called 802.11a. Because 802 11b gained in popularity much faster than did 802.11a, some folks believe that 802 11a was created after 802.11b.
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Joseph Kim Member
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In fact, 802 11a was created at the same time. Due to its higher cost, 802 11a is usually found on business networks whereas 802 11b better serves the home market. 802 11a supports bandwidth up to 54 Mbps and signals in a regulated frequency spectrum around 5 GHz.
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Harper Kim 30 minutes ago
This higher frequency compared to 802 11b shortens the range of 802 11a networks. The higher frequen...
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Ella Rodriguez 38 minutes ago
Because 802 11a and 802 11b use different frequencies, the two technologies are incompatible with ea...
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Harper Kim Member
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This higher frequency compared to 802 11b shortens the range of 802 11a networks. The higher frequency also means 802 11a signals have more difficulty penetrating walls and other obstructions.
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Sophie Martin 39 minutes ago
Because 802 11a and 802 11b use different frequencies, the two technologies are incompatible with ea...
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Sofia Garcia Member
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Because 802 11a and 802 11b use different frequencies, the two technologies are incompatible with each other. Some vendors offer hybrid 802.11a/b network gear, but these products merely implement the two standards side by side (each connected device must use one or the other).
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Chloe Santos 4 minutes ago
802 11a is also referred to as Wi-Fi 2.
802 11b
IEEE expanded on the original 802.11 stan...
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Kevin Wang 18 minutes ago
802 11b supports a theoretical speed up to 11 Mbps. A more realistic bandwidth of 2 Mbps (TCP) and 3...
IEEE expanded on the original 802.11 standard in July 1999, creating the 802 11b specification.
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Hannah Kim 90 minutes ago
802 11b supports a theoretical speed up to 11 Mbps. A more realistic bandwidth of 2 Mbps (TCP) and 3...
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Luna Park Member
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802 11b supports a theoretical speed up to 11 Mbps. A more realistic bandwidth of 2 Mbps (TCP) and 3 Mbps (UDP) should be expected.
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Sofia Garcia 33 minutes ago
802 11b uses the same unregulated radio signaling frequency (2.4 GHz) as the original 802.11 standar...
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Ella Rodriguez 53 minutes ago
However, by installing 802 11b gear a reasonable distance from other appliances, interference can ea...
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Grace Liu Member
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802 11b uses the same unregulated radio signaling frequency (2.4 GHz) as the original 802.11 standard. Vendors often prefer using these frequencies to lower their production costs. Being unregulated, 802 11b gear can incur interference from microwave ovens, cordless phones, and other appliances using the same 2.4 GHz range.
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Julia Zhang 1 minutes ago
However, by installing 802 11b gear a reasonable distance from other appliances, interference can ea...
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David Cohen 23 minutes ago
IEEE 802.11 working group standards like 802.11h and 802.11j are extensions or offshoots of Wi-Fi te...
However, by installing 802 11b gear a reasonable distance from other appliances, interference can easily be avoided. 802 11b is also referred to as Wi-Fi 1.
What About Bluetooth and the Rest
Aside from these five general-purpose Wi-Fi standards, several other related wireless network technologies offer slightly different value propositions.
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Dylan Patel 54 minutes ago
IEEE 802.11 working group standards like 802.11h and 802.11j are extensions or offshoots of Wi-Fi te...
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Christopher Lee 8 minutes ago
Bluetooth supports a very short range (commonly 10 meters) and relatively low bandwidth (1-3 Mbps in...
IEEE 802.11 working group standards like 802.11h and 802.11j are extensions or offshoots of Wi-Fi technology that each serve a very specific purpose. Bluetooth is an alternative wireless network technology that followed a different development path than the 802.11 family.
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Bluetooth supports a very short range (commonly 10 meters) and relatively low bandwidth (1-3 Mbps in...
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Christopher Lee 29 minutes ago
WiMax also was developed separately from Wi-Fi. WiMax is designed for long-range networking (spannin...
Bluetooth supports a very short range (commonly 10 meters) and relatively low bandwidth (1-3 Mbps in practice) designed for low-power network devices like handhelds. The low manufacturing cost of Bluetooth hardware also appeals to industry vendors.
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Julia Zhang 38 minutes ago
WiMax also was developed separately from Wi-Fi. WiMax is designed for long-range networking (spannin...
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Chloe Santos 10 minutes ago
The following IEEE 802.11 standards exist or are in development to support the creation of technolog...
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Oliver Taylor Member
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WiMax also was developed separately from Wi-Fi. WiMax is designed for long-range networking (spanning miles or kilometers) as opposed to local area wireless networking.
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The following IEEE 802.11 standards exist or are in development to support the creation of technolog...
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Madison Singh 109 minutes ago
The Official IEEE 802.11 Working Group Project Timelines page is published by IEEE to indicate the s...
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The following IEEE 802.11 standards exist or are in development to support the creation of technologies for wireless local area networking: 802.11a: 54 Mbps standard, 5 GHz signaling (ratified 1999)
802.11b: 11 Mbps standard, 2.4 GHz signaling (1999)
802.11c: Operation of bridge connections (moved to 802.1D)
802.11d: Worldwide compliance with regulations for use of wireless signal spectrum (2001)
802.11e: Quality of Service support (2005) to improve the delivery of delay-sensitive applications, such as Voice Wireless LAN and streaming multimedia
802.11F: Inter-Access Point Protocol recommendation for communication between access points to support roaming clients (2003)
802.11g: 54 Mbps standard, 2.4 GHz signaling (2003)
802.11h: Enhanced version of 802 11a to support European regulatory requirements (2003)
802.11i: Security improvements for the 802.11 family (2004)
802.11j: Enhancements to 5 GHz signaling to support Japan regulatory requirements (2004)
802.11k: WLAN system management
802.11m: Maintenance of 802.11 family documentation
802.11n: 100+ Mbps standard improvements over 802 11g (2009)
802.11p: Wireless Access for the Vehicular Environment
802.11r: Fast roaming support using Basic Service Set transitions
802.11s: ESS mesh networking for access points
802.11T: Wireless Performance Prediction — recommendation for testing standards and metrics
802.11u: Internetworking with cellular and other forms of external networks
802.11v: Wireless network management and device configuration
802.11w: Protected Management Frames security enhancement
802.11y: Contention-Based Protocol for interference avoidance
802.11ac: 3.46Gbps standard, supports 2.4 and 5GHz frequencies through 802.11n
802.11ad: 6.7 Gbps standard, 60 GHz signaling (2012)
802.11ah: Creates extended-range Wi-Fi networks that go beyond the reach of a typical 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz networks
802.11aj: Approved in 2017; primarily for use in China
802.11ax: Approval expected 2018
802.11ay: Approval expected 2019
802.11az: Approval expected 2019 Additional standards that are not mentioned here may also exist. However, they may have been supplanted or canceled and are not relevant to the information in this article.
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The Official IEEE 802.11 Working Group Project Timelines page is published by IEEE to indicate the s...
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The Official IEEE 802.11 Working Group Project Timelines page is published by IEEE to indicate the status of each of the networking standards under development. Was this page helpful?
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