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% Weird ' Borg' DNA May Have Assimilated Microbes For Billions of Years HEAD TOPICS
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In samples taken from underground soil, aquifers and riverbeds, the team discovered 19 distinct Borg ECEs, including four complete sequences. itself. In fact some Borgs have all the mechanisms required to eat up methane on their own, provided they're within a cell that is able to express the Borg's genes., although not everyThat would mean some Read more:
ScienceAlert » A powerful 'Borg' DNA makes methane-eating bacteria stranger than ever How the Black Death changed our immune systems A powerful 'Borg' DNA makes methane-eating bacteria stranger than ever Odd cave bacterium forms a multicellular ‘body,’ like plants and animals
ScienceAlert » A powerful 'Borg' DNA makes methane-eating bacteria stranger than ever How the Black Death changed our immune systems A powerful 'Borg' DNA makes methane-eating bacteria stranger than ever Odd cave bacterium forms a multicellular ‘body,’ like plants and animals
Inside the only lithium producer in the U S which provides the critical mineral used in batteries by Tesla EV makers
Silver Peak has gained newfound attention in recent years as the energy and transportation sectors race to wean themselves off climate-warming fossil fuels.
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Read more >> A powerful 'Borg' DNA makes methane-eating bacteria stranger than everIf you think carbon dioxide is the most powerful greenhouse gas, think again. When it comes to heating the Earth, methane is 80 times more effective than CO2 and is responsible for 30% of the total global warming our planet experiences.
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How the Black Death changed our immune systemsMedieval DNA suggests immune gene helped protect against deadly pathogen, but may cause autoimmune problems today GUYS! Airdrop campaign now GUYS!! Why are they keeping this a secret
A powerful 'Borg' DNA makes methane-eating bacteria stranger than everIf you think carbon dioxide is the most powerful greenhouse gas, think again.
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When it comes to heating the Earth, methane is 80 times more effective than CO2 and is responsible for 30% of the total global warming our planet experiences. Odd cave bacterium forms a multicellular ‘body,’ like plants and animalsThis microbe has evolved specialized cells that make it unique among multicellular bacteria TF?
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), researchers have continued to analyze the diversity of sequences methane-munching microbes store in these unusual genetic depositaries in an effort to learn more about the evolution of life., Methanoperedens ., they reported today in Nature ., Methanoperedens . Named after the that assimilate other beings into a collective hive mind, these mysterious DNA elements perform a similar trick by absorbing beneficial genes from many different organisms over vast periods of time.
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These genetic Borgs were discovered in a methane-consuming microbe called Methanoperedens , and it appears they've been able to optimize themselves over the millennia to amplify the organism's ability to soak up methane. The researchers named these extrachromosomal elements (ECEs) “Borgs. "Imagine a single cell that has the ability to consume methane," , from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California.D."Now you add genetic elements within that cell that can consume methane in parallel and also add genetic elements that give the cell higher capacity.
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Borgs are metabolism boosters for the microbes During their study, the researchers collected samples from anoxic (oxygen-deficient) soils, aquifers, and riverbeds." "It basically creates a condition for methane consumption on steroids, if you will. They were looking for the genes that allowed the methane-eating bacteria to survive and participate in the various natural cycles involving elements like nitrogen and carbon.
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" Scientists think Borgs are a form of DNA known as an extrachromosomal element (ECE). The researchers identified 19 ECEs or borgs within Methanoperedens breaking down methane .
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But the improved immunity came at a cost: Today, the variant is also associated with higher risk of autoimmune diseases. These packets of genetic material exist outside the organism's chromosomes, and are endowed with tools that allow gene assimilation to take place. Unlike other ECEs, Borgs have a linear rather than a circular structure.
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Some Borg DNA packets are so that all they need is only a cell to express the genes, and they can take care of the rest of the mechanism that is required to perform the task. They're also much longer than normal.” The Black Death is the deadliest pandemic recorded in human history.
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In samples taken from underground soil, aquifers and riverbeds, the team discovered 19 distinct Borg ECEs, including four complete sequences. Borg DNA does not encode ribosomal machinery (the ribosome is the protein synthesis machine of any living organism), nor full metabolic pathways, or energy-conserving systems.
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Borg DNA does not encode ribosomal machinery (the ribosome is the protein synthesis machine of any living organism), nor full metabolic pathways, or energy-conserving systems. Through advanced genome analysis, it was revealed that Borgs match a lot of the methane-metabolizing genes in Methanoperedens itself.
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In fact some Borgs have all the mechanisms required to eat up methane on their own, provided they're within a cell that is able to express the Borg's genes.” Chloroplast, the special cell organelle in plants that traps sunlight and turns the same into chemical energy through photosynthesis, is believed to have formed as a result of plants engulfing ancient microbes that performed photosynthesis. But identifying that mark has proved difficult, in part because genes involved in immunity rapidly change in frequency as new pathogens arrive. The scientists hypothesize that Borgs might be leftover fragments of a wide range of microbes absorbed by Methanoperedens , although not every Methanoperedens microbe contains Borgs.
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One explanation for this is that Borgs act as stores for metabolic genes that are only needed at specific times – such as when there's a lot of methane around. Most Popular This could be the reason why Borg DNA contains a variety of genes and is so different from the main .
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That would mean some Methanoperedens microbes can go above and beyond their normal methane consumption ability, thanks to the presence of Borgs. But researchers studying the plague struggled to find enough well-dated samples from victims and survivors to reveal real differences in the frequency of immune genes.
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However, during their research, the researchers also noticed that not all Methanoperedens How could studying Borgs benefit humanity? ECEs are basically portable DNA packets that allow the quick transfer of genes between , such as bacteria, archaea, and viruses.
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There's still a lot to unpack about these fascinating bits of DNA though. The current study reveals that Borg DNA elements carry signatures of recent gene transfer from their inferred Methanoperedens host. "There is evidence that different types of Borgs sometimes coexist in the same host Methanopreredens says environmental scientist Jillian Banfield , from the University of California, Berkeley."This opens the possibility that Borgs could be spreading genes across lineages.
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For example, the authors suggest that it creates an interdependence between the main chromosome and ECE so that the ECE can be used to evolve assimilated genes to create new versions (this could be lethal if done in the main chromosome) and copy numbers of the ECE that can be adjusted (to meet environmental conditions) independent of the main genome (Borgs can have copy numbers up to 8x of the main host chromosome). Plague victims who died in 1348 and 1349, when the disease first ravaged the city, are buried in mass graves at the bottom; survivors who died in 1350 or later are above them." The researchers are now closely examining how Borgs can affect processes both biological (in the way cells develop) and geological (in the way additional methane is captured from the surrounding environment). It's a long, long way off – if we get there at all – but perhaps one day, Borg-packed microbes could be engineered to make a sizeable dent .
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Now the question is how the knowledge of Borgs could be useful to humans. Now the question is how the knowledge of Borgs could be useful to humans.
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