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%Start The OSI Model Layers from Physical to Application GA S REGULAR Menu Lifewire Tech for Humans Newsletter! Search Close GO Internet, Networking, & Security &gt; Home Networking 1,428 1428 people found this article helpful <h1> The Layers of the OSI Model Illustrated</h1> <h2> Each layer explained</h2> By Bradley Mitchell Bradley Mitchell Writer Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Illinois An MIT graduate who brings years of technical experience to articles on SEO, computers, and wireless networking. lifewire's editorial guidelines Updated on December 25, 2020 Reviewed by Jerrick Leger Reviewed by Jerrick Leger Jerrick Leger is a CompTIA-certified IT Specialist with more than 10 years&#39; experience in technical support and IT fields.
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%Start The OSI Model Layers from Physical to Application GA S REGULAR Menu Lifewire Tech for Humans Newsletter! Search Close GO Internet, Networking, & Security > Home Networking 1,428 1428 people found this article helpful

The Layers of the OSI Model Illustrated

Each layer explained

By Bradley Mitchell Bradley Mitchell Writer Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Illinois An MIT graduate who brings years of technical experience to articles on SEO, computers, and wireless networking. lifewire's editorial guidelines Updated on December 25, 2020 Reviewed by Jerrick Leger Reviewed by Jerrick Leger Jerrick Leger is a CompTIA-certified IT Specialist with more than 10 years' experience in technical support and IT fields.
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He is also a systems administrator for an IT firm in Texas serving small businesses. lifewire's edit...
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He is also a systems administrator for an IT firm in Texas serving small businesses. lifewire's editorial guidelines Tweet Share Email Tweet Share Email Home Networking The Wireless Connection Routers & Firewalls Network Hubs ISP Broadband Ethernet Installing & Upgrading Wi-Fi & Wireless The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in layers, with control passed from one layer to the next. It is primarily used today as a teaching tool.
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He is also a systems administrator for an IT firm in Texas serving small businesses. lifewire's editorial guidelines Tweet Share Email Tweet Share Email Home Networking The Wireless Connection Routers & Firewalls Network Hubs ISP Broadband Ethernet Installing & Upgrading Wi-Fi & Wireless The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in layers, with control passed from one layer to the next. It is primarily used today as a teaching tool.
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It conceptually divides computer network architecture into 7 layers in a logical progression. The l...
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Physical Layer

At Layer 1, the Physical layer of the OSI model is responsible for the ult...
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It conceptually divides computer network architecture into 7 layers in a logical progression. The lower layers deal with electrical signals, chunks of binary data, and routing of these data across networks. Higher levels cover network requests and responses, representation of data, and network protocols, as seen from a user's point of view.&nbsp; Lifewire / Colleen Tighe The OSI model was originally conceived as a standard architecture for building network systems, and many popular network technologies today reflect the layered design of OSI.
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It conceptually divides computer network architecture into 7 layers in a logical progression. The lower layers deal with electrical signals, chunks of binary data, and routing of these data across networks. Higher levels cover network requests and responses, representation of data, and network protocols, as seen from a user's point of view.  Lifewire / Colleen Tighe The OSI model was originally conceived as a standard architecture for building network systems, and many popular network technologies today reflect the layered design of OSI.
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Physical Layer

At Layer 1, the Physical layer of the OSI model is responsible for the ult...
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At the Physical layer, data is transmitted using the type of signaling supported by the physical med...
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<h2> Physical Layer </h2> At Layer 1, the Physical layer of the OSI model is responsible for the ultimate transmission of digital data bits from the Physical layer of the sending (source) device over network communications media to the Physical layer of the receiving (destination) device. Lifewire / Colleen Tighe Examples of layer 1 technologies include&nbsp;Ethernet cables&nbsp;and&nbsp;hubs. Also, hubs&nbsp;and other repeaters&nbsp;are standard network devices that function at the Physical layer, as are cable connectors.
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Physical Layer

At Layer 1, the Physical layer of the OSI model is responsible for the ultimate transmission of digital data bits from the Physical layer of the sending (source) device over network communications media to the Physical layer of the receiving (destination) device. Lifewire / Colleen Tighe Examples of layer 1 technologies include Ethernet cables and hubs. Also, hubs and other repeaters are standard network devices that function at the Physical layer, as are cable connectors.
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At the Physical layer, data is transmitted using the type of signaling supported by the physical med...
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At the Physical layer, data is transmitted using the type of signaling supported by the physical medium: electric voltages, radio frequencies, or pulses of infrared or ordinary light. <h2> Data Link Layer </h2> When obtaining data from the Physical layer, the Data Link layer checks for physical transmission errors and packages bits into data frames. The Data Link layer also manages physical addressing schemes such as MAC addresses for Ethernet networks, controlling access of network devices to the physical medium.
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At the Physical layer, data is transmitted using the type of signaling supported by the physical medium: electric voltages, radio frequencies, or pulses of infrared or ordinary light.

Data Link Layer

When obtaining data from the Physical layer, the Data Link layer checks for physical transmission errors and packages bits into data frames. The Data Link layer also manages physical addressing schemes such as MAC addresses for Ethernet networks, controlling access of network devices to the physical medium.
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Lifewire / Colleen Tighe Because the Data Link layer is the most complex layer in the OSI model, it...
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When data arrives at the Network layer, the source and destination addresses contained inside each f...
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Lifewire / Colleen Tighe Because the Data Link layer is the most complex layer in the OSI model, it is often divided into two parts: the Media Access Control sub-layer and the Logical Link Control sub-layer. <h2> Network Layer </h2> The Network layer adds the concept of routing above the Data Link layer.
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Lifewire / Colleen Tighe Because the Data Link layer is the most complex layer in the OSI model, it is often divided into two parts: the Media Access Control sub-layer and the Logical Link Control sub-layer.

Network Layer

The Network layer adds the concept of routing above the Data Link layer.
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When data arrives at the Network layer, the source and destination addresses contained inside each f...
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When data arrives at the Network layer, the source and destination addresses contained inside each frame are examined to determine if the data has reached its final destination. If the data has reached the final destination, layer 3 formats the data into packets delivered to the Transport layer. Otherwise, the Network layer updates the destination address and pushes the frame down to the lower layers.
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When data arrives at the Network layer, the source and destination addresses contained inside each frame are examined to determine if the data has reached its final destination. If the data has reached the final destination, layer 3 formats the data into packets delivered to the Transport layer. Otherwise, the Network layer updates the destination address and pushes the frame down to the lower layers.
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Lifewire / Colleen Tighe To support routing, the Network layer maintains logical addresses such as ...
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In IPv4 networking, this mapping is accomplished through the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP); IPv6...
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Lifewire / Colleen Tighe To support routing, the Network layer maintains logical addresses such as IP addresses&nbsp;for devices on the network. The Network layer also manages the mapping between these logical addresses and physical addresses.
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Lifewire / Colleen Tighe To support routing, the Network layer maintains logical addresses such as IP addresses for devices on the network. The Network layer also manages the mapping between these logical addresses and physical addresses.
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In IPv4 networking, this mapping is accomplished through the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP); IPv6...
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In IPv4 networking, this mapping is accomplished through the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP); IPv6 uses Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP). <h2> Transport Layer </h2> The Transport Layer delivers data across network connections.
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In IPv4 networking, this mapping is accomplished through the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP); IPv6 uses Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP).

Transport Layer

The Transport Layer delivers data across network connections.
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TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) are the most common examples of Transport Layer 4 network protocols.&nbsp;Different transport protocols may support a range of optional capabilities, including error recovery, flow control, and support for re-transmission. Lifewire / Colleen Tighe <h2> Session Layer </h2> The Session Layer manages the sequence and flow of events that initiate and tear down network connections.
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TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) are the most common examples of Transport Layer 4 network protocols. Different transport protocols may support a range of optional capabilities, including error recovery, flow control, and support for re-transmission. Lifewire / Colleen Tighe

Session Layer

The Session Layer manages the sequence and flow of events that initiate and tear down network connections.
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At layer 5, it is built to support multiple types of connections that can be created dynamically and...
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Application Layer

The Application layer supplies network serv...
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At layer 5, it is built to support multiple types of connections that can be created dynamically and run over individual networks. Lifewire / Colleen Tighe <h2> Presentation Layer </h2> The Presentation layer has the simplest function of any piece of the OSI model. At layer 6, it handles syntax processing of message data such as format conversions and encryption/decryption needed to support the Application layer above it.
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At layer 5, it is built to support multiple types of connections that can be created dynamically and run over individual networks. Lifewire / Colleen Tighe

Presentation Layer

The Presentation layer has the simplest function of any piece of the OSI model. At layer 6, it handles syntax processing of message data such as format conversions and encryption/decryption needed to support the Application layer above it.
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Application Layer

The Application layer supplies network serv...
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Lifewire / Colleen Tighe <h2> Application Layer </h2> The Application layer supplies network services to end-user applications. Network services are protocols&nbsp;that work with the user's data.
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Application Layer

The Application layer supplies network services to end-user applications. Network services are protocols that work with the user's data.
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For example, in a web browser application, the Application layer protocol HTTP packages the data needed to send and receive web page content. This layer 7 provides data to (and obtains data from) the Presentation layer. Lifewire / Colleen Tighe Was this page helpful?
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For example, in a web browser application, the Application layer protocol HTTP packages the data needed to send and receive web page content. This layer 7 provides data to (and obtains data from) the Presentation layer. Lifewire / Colleen Tighe Was this page helpful?
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Thanks for letting us know! Get the Latest Tech News Delivered Every Day Subscribe Tell us why! Other Not enough details Hard to understand Submit More from Lifewire Common Questions and Answers on the OSI Network Model Basic Computer Network Topics Explained Visually What Is a Switch?
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Thanks for letting us know! Get the Latest Tech News Delivered Every Day Subscribe Tell us why! Other Not enough details Hard to understand Submit More from Lifewire Common Questions and Answers on the OSI Network Model Basic Computer Network Topics Explained Visually What Is a Switch?
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